Note: The article below was posted in 2020 and applies to coding for 2020 dates of service. For information about coding office and other outpatient E/M services in 2021 and later, please see 99202-99215: Office/Outpatient E/M Coding in 2021 and 2023 E/M Coding Changes.
Evaluation and management (E/M) coding is a high-volume area of CPT ® medical coding, meaning that healthcare providers report E/M codes often on medical claims. The codes apply to services that a wide range of primary care and specialty providers perform regularly. Some of the most commonly reported E/M codes are 99201–99215, which represent office or other outpatient visits.
In 2020, the E/M codes for office and outpatient visits include patient history, clinical examination, and medical decision-making as the key components for determining the correct code level, and that's the version of the codes that this article focuses on.
An important concept for proper use of office/outpatient E/M codes 99201–99215 is that CPT ® divides the codes based on whether the encounter is for a new patient or an established patient.
Codes 99201–99205 apply to new patient visits. The descriptors for all 5 of the codes (99201, 99202, 99203, 99204, and 99205) begin with the same language, including a reference to a new patient: Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of a new patient ….
Similarly, the descriptors for the established-patient codes (99211, 99212, 99213, 99214, and 99215) share a common beginning that refers to an established patient: Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of an established patient ….
To determine whether you should choose between new patient codes 99201-99205 or established patient codes 99211-99215, you need to know CPT ® ’s definition of new and established patients for E/M purposes. In short, a patient is established if the same provider, or any provider of the same specialty and subspecialty who belongs to the same group practice, has seen that patient for a face-to-face service within the past 36 months. Patients who don’t meet that definition are new patients.
For instance, consider this example of an established patient seeing a physician in an office for an E/M service. A patient saw a neurosurgeon for a face-to-face visit 26 months ago. The patient presents to the office now to see the same neurosurgeon for symptoms of lower back pain. Because the neurosurgeon provided a face-to-face service to the patient within the past three years, the neurosurgeon should consider this patient to be established when reporting the current E/M for lower back pain.
One final factor to consider regarding new and established patient definitions is that third-party payers may have their own rules. As an example, Medicare refers to providers of the same specialty in its definition of new and established patients, but there's no reference to subspecialty. This is in line with Medicare’s rule that “physicians in the same group practice who are in the same specialty must bill and be paid as though they were a single physician,” which you can find in Medicare Claims Processing Manual, Chapter 12, Section 30.6.5.
To report an office or other outpatient visit for a new patient, you'll choose from E/M codes 99201-99205. As this article mentioned previously, office/outpatient visits include history, clinical examination, and medical decision-making (MDM) as the three key components for code selection. To determine which E/M code from 99201-99205 is appropriate for a specific encounter, you must check the stated levels for the key components in each descriptor. A new patient visit must meet the levels listed for all three key components to qualify for a given code level.
Reviewing the sample E/M code descriptor below will help make those instructions about key components clearer. The areas specific to the key components are shown in bold text for emphasis.
99203 Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of a new patient, which requires these 3 key components:
Counseling and/or coordination of care with other physicians, other qualified health care professionals, or agencies are provided consistent with the nature of the problem(s) and the patient’s and/or family’s needs. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are of moderate severity. Typically, 30 minutes are spent face-to-face with the patient and/or family.
As you can see above, the code descriptor specifies the levels of history, exam, and MDM required for the particular code. The key component levels necessary for each code in the range vary. Table 1 shows the key component requirements for each code from 99201-99205.
Table 1: Key Components for New Patient Office/Outpatient E/M Visits
(Visit must meet or exceed all three key components in a row to qualify for the code)
Expanded problem focused
Expanded problem focused
Because you must meet (or exceed) the requirements for all three key components, the lowest level key component for the visit will determine which new patient E/M code is appropriate. As an example, suppose the physician sees a new patient for an office visit. The physician documents a comprehensive history and exam, and MDM of low complexity. The history and exam levels in the example visit match the requirements listed for 99204 and 99205, but the lowest level key component (in this case, the low complexity MDM) determines the correct E/M code. As a result, you should select 99203 for this visit because the code meets the MDM requirement and exceeds the history and exam requirements.
You have just seen that a new patient E/M visit in the office/outpatient setting must meet the levels for all three key components listed in a descriptor to qualify for that code. In contrast, the office/outpatient E/M codes for an established patient, 99212-99215, require a visit to meet only two of the three key components listed to support the service level. Code 99211 does not reference the three key components in its descriptor, and you will learn more about that code later in this article.
Table 2 shows the key component requirements for the different established patient office/outpatient E/M code levels.
(Visit must meet at least two of three key components in a row to qualify for the code)
(Usually, the presenting problems are minimal)
Expanded problem focused
Expanded problem focused
To understand the role of key components for an established patient visit in the outpatient setting, consider this example: A provider documents a problem focused history, expanded problem focused exam, and low complexity MDM. In this case, your best choice is level-3 code 99213 (bold added for emphasis):
99213 Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of an established patient, which requires at least 2 of these 3 key components:
Counseling and coordination of care with other physicians, other qualified health care professionals, or agencies are provided consistent with the nature of the problem(s) and the patient's and/or family’s needs. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are of low to moderate severity. Typically, 15 minutes are spent face-to-face with the patient and/or family.
Although the problem-focused history meets the requirements listed for 99212, both the exam and MDM levels support 99213. Because you need to meet the requirements for only two of three key components when selecting an established outpatient E/M service, 99213 is correct.
Code 99211 differs from the other office visit codes in that it doesn't require the three key components. Additionally, the code descriptor specifies that the visit may not require the presence of a physician or other qualified healthcare professional:
99211 Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of an established patient, that may not require the presence of a physician or other qualified health care professional. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are minimal. Typically, 5 minutes are spent performing or supervising these services.
You may hear 99211 unofficially referred to as a nurse visit code because a nurse can perform the service without the billing provider present in the room, and face-to-face visits with physicians and nonphysician practitioners tend to meet the standards for higher level E/M codes. But 99211 can apply to brief but medically necessary visits with a physician or a nonphysician practitioner, such as a physician assistant, nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, or certified nurse midwife.
An example of appropriate use of 99211 may involve blood pressure monitoring for a hypertensive patient under a physician’s plan of care, as long as there is established medical necessity for the blood pressure check.
For instance, suppose a physician examines a 65-year-old female patient and finds that her blood pressure is high. He decides to put her on medication to treat the problem. He notes in the chart the patient should return in two weeks to see the nurse for a follow-up visit that includes a blood pressure check, an evaluation of how the new blood pressure medicine is working, and a review of any symptoms the patient has had since starting the new medication. In this case, documentation may support reporting 99211 for the low-level visit to the nurse.
As the example emphasizes, the documentation should show clinical indications prompted the intervention to support using 99211. If a stable patient comes in to have her blood pressure checked by the nurse just because the patient wants to know the reading, the visit probably won’t merit use of 99211.
Selecting an office/outpatient E/M code based on the key components is not the only option available. CPT ® and Medicare guidelines also allow you to select from these E/M codes based on time.
This approach to E/M coding applies only when counseling and/or coordination of care dominate the encounter. The medical record must include the extent of counseling and/or coordination of care and make it clear that more than 50 percent of the encounter was spent on those services.
To make your code choice, you need to know the intraservice time for the visit, which means face-to-face time for office and other outpatient visits. You then need to compare that time to the typical times listed in the E/M code descriptors. For instance, the descriptor for 99213 states, “Typically, 15 minutes are spent face-to-face with the patient and/or family.” Payer requirements may vary for whether you must meet the time listed or are allowed to round up from the midway point to determine the final code choice.
In some cases, a provider may perform more than one office or outpatient E/M service for a patient on the same day. New patient E/M codes 99201-99205 and established patient E/M codes 99211-99215 don’t state “per day” in their descriptors, but payer rules may prevent you from reporting more than 1 E/M code for a single patient on the same date of service.
For instance, Medicare will “not pay two E/M office visits billed by a physician (or physician of the same specialty from the same group practice) for the same beneficiary on the same day,” according to Medicare Claims Processing Manual, Chapter 12, Section 30.6.7.B.
There's an exception to Medicare’s rule about reporting multiple office and outpatient E/M services on the same date, though. If the provider documents that the visits were for unrelated problems and the services couldn't be provided during the same encounter, then Medicare allows you to report separate E/M codes for the same date. The example the Medicare manual provides is a patient presenting for blood pressure medication evaluation and then returning five hours later for evaluation of leg pain following an accident.
To support reporting the services separately, experts advise maintaining distinct documentation for each service. You also will need to check payer preference for which modifier to append to the additional E/M code, such as modifier 25 Significant, separately identifiable evaluation and management service by the same physician or other qualified health care professional on the same day of the procedure or other service or modifier 59 Distinct procedural service.
If a provider sees the patient twice on the same day for related problems, and the payer doesn’t allow you to report those services separately, then you should combine the work performed for the two visits, and select a single E/ M service code that best describes the combined service. For example, if a patient comes in with elevated blood pressure, the physician may give the patient medication and then have her come back later that day to see how she is doing. In this case, because the visits are for the same complaint, you should combine the work performed for the 2 visits into a single E/M code.
The rules related to reporting 99201-99215 on the same date as a minor procedure are confusing for many coders. You need to understand which services the payer considers separately reportable.
A minor surgical procedure is a procedure with a global period of 0 days or 10 days on the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (MPFS). Many payers other than Medicare use this definition, as well. The global period refers to the length of time the global surgical package applies.
The basic idea of the global surgical package is that services normally performed by a provider before, during, and after a procedure are included in the surgery code instead of being reported separately. All those usual services get factored into the payment rate for the surgical code, so reporting those usual services separately would result in being paid twice for the same service. Payers scrutinize this area of coding to ensure they aren’t overpaying.
Medicare’s definitions of the 0-day and 10-day global periods, available in the MPFS relative value files, indicate that Medicare usually doesn't pay for E/M services during the global period (bold added for emphasis):
One reason E/M codes during the global period are “generally not payable” is that Medicare considers a decision to perform a minor surgery made immediately before the procedure to be a routine preoperative service, according to Medicare Claims Processing Manual, Chapter 12, Section 40.2.A.4. Additionally, a certain amount of history taking and physical exam work, as well as follow-up care, is expected for a minor procedure, so the surgical code includes payment for that work.
But the phrase “generally not payable” in the global period definitions leaves room for reporting E/M codes separately under certain circumstances. The rule is that you may report significant, separately identifiable E/M services on the same day as a minor procedure. Medicare provides the example of reporting an E/M code for a full neurological examination on the same date that you report a code for suturing a scalp wound for a patient with head trauma. But you need to ensure documentation supports reporting a distinct E/M service. “Billing for a visit would not be appropriate if the physician only identified the need for sutures and confirmed allergy and immunization status,” states Medicare Claims Processing Manual, Chapter 12, Section 40.1.C.
If documentation does support reporting an E/M code on the same date as a minor procedure code, you should append modifier 25 to the E/M service code to acknowledge that special circumstances make the code reportable.
The National Correct Coding Initiative (NCCI) Policy Manual for Medicare Services, Chapter 1, states that providers also may submit a distinct E/M code with modifier 25 on the same date as a code that has an XXX global indicator. The XXX indicator means the global concept doesn't apply to the code.
Again, for you to report the E/M separately, it must be distinct from the typical pre-, intra-, and post-procedure work for the XXX-global code. That means you shouldn't report an E/M for the physician’s supervision of someone else performing the procedure or interpretation of the result of the procedure.
Note that both Medicare and CPT ® state that you don't need different diagnoses for the distinct E/M service and the procedure. But experts advise that separate diagnoses may help show that the E/M was significant and separately identifiable from the surgery. You shouldn't report separate diagnoses simply to improve your chances for payment, however. Always base your ICD-10-CM coding choices on the documentation and follow proper coding rules.
If a physician performs an E/M service on the same date as a major procedure or on the day before the procedure, you may report the E/M separately if the E/M resulted in the decision for surgery. You should append modifier 57 Decision for surgery to the E/M service code in this case.
A major procedure is one with a 90-day global period on the MPFS. The definition of a 90-day global period is “Major surgery with a 1-day preoperative period and 90-day postoperative period included in the fee schedule amount.”
As an example of proper modifier 57 use, suppose a surgeon sees a patient with extreme pain in the lower abdomen. The surgeon quickly determines that the patient’s appendix has burst and schedules immediate surgery. In this case, both the E/M service and the surgery are billable because the E/M service resulted in the decision to perform the surgery (In other words, the surgery wasn't previously planned at the time of the evaluation.). You should append modifier 57 to the E/M code.
No discussion of E/M coding would be complete without mentioning medical necessity. In all cases, whether a visit involves a new or established patient, medical necessity should determine the extent of the service provided, including elements like the history, exam, and MDM. Consequently, medical necessity determines the final E/M code choice.
In the words of Medicare Claims Processing Manual, Chapter 12, Section 30.6.1, “Medical necessity of a service is the overarching criterion for payment in addition to the individual requirements of a CPT ® code. It would not be medically necessary or appropriate to bill a higher level of evaluation and management service when a lower level of service is warranted. The volume of documentation should not be the primary influence upon which a specific level of service is billed.”
Evaluation and management (E/M) code 99211 is the lowest level established patient E/M code in the range for office or other outpatient visits. This level of service doesn't require the presence of a physician, which can lead practices to underestimate the importance of following reporting rules for this code. But because 99211 is an E/M code, it requires elements of evaluation and management to be performed and documented.
This quick guide offers tips on the dos and don’ts of 99211 Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of an established patient, that may not require the presence of a physician or other qualified health care professional. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are minimal. Typically, 5 minutes are spent performing or supervising these services.
When considering whether to assign 99211 for a service, remember these important points for proper reporting.
Proper reporting of 99211 also requires you to know the top problem spots for this code so you can avoid them. Beware of these areas:
Last reviewed on June 27, 2024, by the AAPC Thought Leadership Team